We are an ordinary Indian family.Neither too secular nor over religious. My conversations with Vidat centered around day to day happenings and at times I shared bits and pieces of incidents and stories of my younger days.It was rarely about religion and definitely never about numbers.
Yet now as I am familiarising myself with more and more of the multifaceted nature of Hinduism ,I have become aware of the significance accorded to the number 7 and 9 in our religion.
I am struck by Vidat's ,using both these magical numbers in his blog. I always called him Vid and he has added seven z's to his pet name in his blog spot! To the name of his blog --'Scribblingzzzzzzzzz' ,he has added nine z's !
If human kind as a whole is enamoured by these two numbers I have no idea. But Hinduism,definitely is and I can't but wonder at Vidat' zeroing on these two mystical numbers. His exposure to Hinduism was limited to attending socio- religious functions like Ayush hommams,marriages , sashtiyarta poorthi ,etc .Of course he took active part ,only in the revelry that followed such functions, that is feasting and jesting with cousins but never in the actual yajna.
So how did he use these two numbers . Is it so deeply embedded in a Hindu's psyche that it automatically surfaces?
Well here are some Nava's in Hindu way of life.
Navarathri: It literally translates into 9 nights in Sanskrit.During these nights 9 forms of goddess Durga or Shakthi are worshipped .
The first 3 days are devoted to worshipping Durga to destroy impurities.
The second 3 days are devoted to worshipping Lakshmi to bestow wealth.
The final 3 days are devoted to worshipping Saraswathi to bestow wisdom.
In W. Bengal Navaratri is celebrated by crafting and worshipping life size idols of Durga ,in Gujarat it is celebrated by 'Garba' dance , in South idols are arranged on steps and in North the puja's culminate by'Ramlila' or the burning of the effigies of Ravan.
Navagraha --Are the 9 cosmic influences on living beings of this earth. They are--
1.Surya [sun]
2.Chandra [moon]
3.Mangala [mars]
4.Budda --- [mercury]
5.Brihaspati ----[ Jupiter]
6.Shukra---- [Venus]
7.Shani ---- [Saturn]
8. Rahu [upper lunar mode]
9.Kethu [lower lunar mode]
Navagraha temples are found only in Kumbakkonam in TN and in Gawhati in Assam.
Navras ---are the nine basic emotions inspired in an audience by a performer . These are lucidly stated in second century BC treatise on dance and drama the Natya shastra of Bharata. They are
1.Love
2.Laughter.
3.Heroics
4.Fury.
5.Apprehension
6.Compassion
7.Horror.
8.wonder.
9.Peace.
Navaratna---The 9 gems whose combination is recognised as sacred and royal since ancient times . They are :-
1.Ruby.
2. pearl
3.Red coral
4. Emerald.
5.Yellow Sapphire
6.Diamond.
7. Blue sapphire.
8. Hessonite.
9.Cat's eye.
Only gems that are considered pure ,top quality and radiating lustre are considered auspicious.
Nava Durga. -- Durga, a form of Shakthi ,The mother goddess of theHindu's is believed to be manifested in various forms ,and Navadurgas are believed to be most sacred of them all.
They are :-
1. Shilaputri
2.Bramhacharini.
3.Chandraganta
4.Kushmanda
5.Skandamata
6.Kaatyayani.
7.Kaalratri
8.Mahagauri.
9. Siddhidatri.
Nava dhania: 9 types of grains symbolising abundance and prosperity .
They are:-
1.Wheat
2.Rice
3. Adakam
4. Greendhal
5. Kadala [chenna]
6.Mochakottai
7.Ellu [til]
8. Ulundu
9. Kollu.
Nava pashanam ; The deity,Murugan ,the god of beauty and youth of Palani temple [TN] is made of an amalgam of nine minerals called navapashanam.
Nava Brahma temples. The 9 temples dedicated to lord Siva , built in 5 th century AD , are enclosed in a courtyard on the left bank of river Thungabadra[AP] .
Navanidhi ; The 9 types of mastery over self as stated in Hanuman chalisa.
Nava vyakarna : The ancient, 9 notable Sanskrit grammar works.
Nava Narsimha: The 9 temples enshrining Lord Narsimha located in 5 kms radius in Ahobalim[AP] where Narsimha is said to have slayed Hiranyakashpu and saved Prahalad.
Nava Tirupathi: The 9 Vishnu temples in Tirunalvelli .[TN]
I will wind up this endless list of Nava's by mentioning one last nava --Nava LAkshana
Nava lakshana are the 9 ways of devotion to Vishnu enunciated by Prahalada in Bhagvadpurana.
They are:-
1. Kalyanagunas ---Listening to gods name and deeds.
2.Kirtanas ----Singing about the lord .
3.Smaranam. ---Meditating on the lord.
4. Pada sevam ----worshipping his lotus feet.
5. Vandanam .---Saluting him .
6.Archana. ---performing aradhana with flowers and tulsi leaves.
7. Dasyam ---offering services unto him .
8. Sakyam ----Associsating with him as a friend
9. Atmanivedanam--- surrendering to Narayana [Vishnu ] totally.
Monday, June 14, 2010
Thursday, June 3, 2010
Seven and sagotra.
Bharatvasi's seem to have a fascination to the number 'seven'.
In ancient India the seas were always reffered to as Sapta samudras or the 'seven seas' .The most popular constellation of stars are the 'Sapta rishis'[ursa major].An Vedic Hindu marriage is completed only after Saptapadi or taking 'seven' steps or circumbulating the sacred fire 'seven' times. The following are some more Sapta's:
Sapta loka -the seven worlds.
Sapta janmam-the seven births.
Sapta Moksha daayipuries-The seven sacred places of Hindu pilgrimage that guarentees Moksha - Haridwar ,Kanchipuram,Kasi,Ayodhya,Mathura, Dwaraka and Ujjain.
Sapta Parvartha--The seven holy mountains.
Sapta Sindhu---the seven sacred rivers
Sapta Vriksha---the seven sacred trees.
Sapta giri --the seven hills ,[Tirumala]the abode of lord Srinivasa.
Sapta nadi chakra--The seven planets used in prediction ofweather in astrology.
Sapta swarams---The seven basic notes of Carnatic music .
Sapta tala----the rhythamatic cycle of beats in Canatic music originates from the seven family of tala's.
The list of 'Saptas ' or the importance accorded to the number seven in ancient India is endless.
More recently Vidat has also divided the life of a soft ware engineer in 'seven' stages.
. 'Gotra' is the lineage or clan assigned to a Hindu at birth .This is patrilineal. It signifies the descent from Rishi's of Vedic age[1500 BC] who were 'seven' in number .
The law governing Hindu marriages and succession and adoption bearing the stamp of authority of the parliament,with some trimming and few additions, is actually derived from ancient laws known as Smritis or Dharma sastras .
These are the rules of justice enunciated by several learned and wise men over a period of time.
In 2 nd century BC it was Manu who codified the laws that were scattered around. Manu Smrithi or code has been treated by Hindu sages and commentators as of paramount authority.
Next to Manu in date and in importance is Yajnavalkya ,the jurist par excellence of third century AD .
Majority of Hindus in India subscribe to 'Mitakshara' school of law. Mitakshara is the most authoritative and celebrated commentary on Yajna valkya Smrithi . This was the gift of Vijnaneswara an eminent jurist of 11 th cent AD. He freed the Dharma sastras of religious fetters and made it acceptable to all in India.
Yajnavalkya enjoins that a man should marry a girl who is not a sapinda of him and descended from one whose gotra and parvara is different from him .
In Mitakshara Vijnanesvara defines sapinda . Sapinda relationship arises between two people through their being connected by the particles of one body viz a common ancestor.e.g a son is a sapinda of his father.
But in as much the definition would be too wide , since such relationships exists in eternal circle of births in some manner or the other ,he put a lid ,by firmly stating that the sapinda relationship ceases after the 5 th degree on the mothers side and on the 'seventh' lineal ascendancy on the fathers line.He also limits' Sagotra' sapindas to 5 th and 7 th lines respectively.
The Hindu marriages disabilities Removal act of 1946 says,a marriage between Hindu's is not invalid only by reason of parties belonging to same 'gotra.'
The rationale behind this Act is that with tremendous increase in population two persons maybe of same gotra but could be 100 times removed from a common ancestor! They are no longer siblings.
The king was the fountain head of all law in ancient India.Apart from this sovereign dispenser of law, the Mitakshara refers to popular peoples tribunals that administered justice.They were the Puga, Srenis and Kula.
Kula was the judicial assembly of relatives by blood and marriage who decided issues regarding religion and caste.The caste panchayats or the khap panchayats.Those tendering justice were required to be well versed in the smritis and to abide by the smritis.In case of conflict between other smritis the one more equitable was to prevail.
If a case was decided by the king himself, there was no appeal . But a case decided by Kula or Khap, an appeal lay to Srenis ,an assembly of same trade and calling.An appeal also lay from Srenis to Puga ,an assembly of fellow and neighbouring villagers of all caste ,calling and trade.
Thus Khula was the lowest in hierarchy and could be overridden by others.
Khap's are not the last word in administration of justice , even historically speaking.
In ancient India the seas were always reffered to as Sapta samudras or the 'seven seas' .The most popular constellation of stars are the 'Sapta rishis'[ursa major].An Vedic Hindu marriage is completed only after Saptapadi or taking 'seven' steps or circumbulating the sacred fire 'seven' times. The following are some more Sapta's:
Sapta loka -the seven worlds.
Sapta janmam-the seven births.
Sapta Moksha daayipuries-The seven sacred places of Hindu pilgrimage that guarentees Moksha - Haridwar ,Kanchipuram,Kasi,Ayodhya,Mathura, Dwaraka and Ujjain.
Sapta Parvartha--The seven holy mountains.
Sapta Sindhu---the seven sacred rivers
Sapta Vriksha---the seven sacred trees.
Sapta giri --the seven hills ,[Tirumala]the abode of lord Srinivasa.
Sapta nadi chakra--The seven planets used in prediction ofweather in astrology.
Sapta swarams---The seven basic notes of Carnatic music .
Sapta tala----the rhythamatic cycle of beats in Canatic music originates from the seven family of tala's.
The list of 'Saptas ' or the importance accorded to the number seven in ancient India is endless.
More recently Vidat has also divided the life of a soft ware engineer in 'seven' stages.
. 'Gotra' is the lineage or clan assigned to a Hindu at birth .This is patrilineal. It signifies the descent from Rishi's of Vedic age[1500 BC] who were 'seven' in number .
The law governing Hindu marriages and succession and adoption bearing the stamp of authority of the parliament,with some trimming and few additions, is actually derived from ancient laws known as Smritis or Dharma sastras .
These are the rules of justice enunciated by several learned and wise men over a period of time.
In 2 nd century BC it was Manu who codified the laws that were scattered around. Manu Smrithi or code has been treated by Hindu sages and commentators as of paramount authority.
Next to Manu in date and in importance is Yajnavalkya ,the jurist par excellence of third century AD .
Majority of Hindus in India subscribe to 'Mitakshara' school of law. Mitakshara is the most authoritative and celebrated commentary on Yajna valkya Smrithi . This was the gift of Vijnaneswara an eminent jurist of 11 th cent AD. He freed the Dharma sastras of religious fetters and made it acceptable to all in India.
Yajnavalkya enjoins that a man should marry a girl who is not a sapinda of him and descended from one whose gotra and parvara is different from him .
In Mitakshara Vijnanesvara defines sapinda . Sapinda relationship arises between two people through their being connected by the particles of one body viz a common ancestor.e.g a son is a sapinda of his father.
But in as much the definition would be too wide , since such relationships exists in eternal circle of births in some manner or the other ,he put a lid ,by firmly stating that the sapinda relationship ceases after the 5 th degree on the mothers side and on the 'seventh' lineal ascendancy on the fathers line.He also limits' Sagotra' sapindas to 5 th and 7 th lines respectively.
The Hindu marriages disabilities Removal act of 1946 says,a marriage between Hindu's is not invalid only by reason of parties belonging to same 'gotra.'
The rationale behind this Act is that with tremendous increase in population two persons maybe of same gotra but could be 100 times removed from a common ancestor! They are no longer siblings.
The king was the fountain head of all law in ancient India.Apart from this sovereign dispenser of law, the Mitakshara refers to popular peoples tribunals that administered justice.They were the Puga, Srenis and Kula.
Kula was the judicial assembly of relatives by blood and marriage who decided issues regarding religion and caste.The caste panchayats or the khap panchayats.Those tendering justice were required to be well versed in the smritis and to abide by the smritis.In case of conflict between other smritis the one more equitable was to prevail.
If a case was decided by the king himself, there was no appeal . But a case decided by Kula or Khap, an appeal lay to Srenis ,an assembly of same trade and calling.An appeal also lay from Srenis to Puga ,an assembly of fellow and neighbouring villagers of all caste ,calling and trade.
Thus Khula was the lowest in hierarchy and could be overridden by others.
Khap's are not the last word in administration of justice , even historically speaking.
Thursday, May 20, 2010
Mammoth service.
`I flicked through the latest copy of readers digest to read my favourite regulars. I was pleasantly surprised to see the dignified face of a familiar middle aged flower seller smiling at me.
On the eve of May day , she figured in a write up on labourers.
In the evening I visited the temple. I walked a few paces from the entrance to buy flowers from that seller. I congratulated her on her international fame. She was bewildered and as I explained on, she acknowledged her sudden global recognition by bowing humbly in the direction of the deity.
With a twinge of sadness, she recounted her arduous journey in life . She was orphaned young , and was married off to a penniless leper by her relatives and she begged on the streets along with him . Then she switched over to selling flowers ,and her husband died soon after,leaving her issueless.She adopted as her own 3 children she found abandoned on the streets.
She has built a brisk business , primarily I guess due to her knack of talking soothingly and kindly to every one of her customers, old and new.She would often sell a length of braided jasmine at a higher price, than of those selling them near my house, citing excuses that it was a Friday or as it was some festival or the other the next day the price of flowers had shot up in the wholesale market !On several occasions I got to know about the impending festivals, from her!
Though always wrested worse in the bargaining bouts I could never get myself to buy flowers from several other sellers clamouring for my attention nearby.
She continued relating her story. She had sent these children to school and two of them were now studying in nursing and engineering college! That she had to pay Rs 35,000 and Rs4o,000[ phew] respectively as fees this year ,plus provide them with clothing and books and also pay her house rent of Rs2000 per month as well as pay for her food purchased from outside as also for her daily dose of medicines, a boxful! A ll these expenses are met by selling a basket of flowers! Rain or shine ,each and every day of her life.I doubt whether she has stashed away any sum for herself for her old age.
Now I know why I never had the heart to switch her for another and am glad I didn't . I was in a way , contributing my mite to her mammoth service.
She requested a copy of the magazine so that her son may read about her . I promised to give her the magazine in my next trip to the temple.
On the eve of May day , she figured in a write up on labourers.
In the evening I visited the temple. I walked a few paces from the entrance to buy flowers from that seller. I congratulated her on her international fame. She was bewildered and as I explained on, she acknowledged her sudden global recognition by bowing humbly in the direction of the deity.
With a twinge of sadness, she recounted her arduous journey in life . She was orphaned young , and was married off to a penniless leper by her relatives and she begged on the streets along with him . Then she switched over to selling flowers ,and her husband died soon after,leaving her issueless.She adopted as her own 3 children she found abandoned on the streets.
She has built a brisk business , primarily I guess due to her knack of talking soothingly and kindly to every one of her customers, old and new.She would often sell a length of braided jasmine at a higher price, than of those selling them near my house, citing excuses that it was a Friday or as it was some festival or the other the next day the price of flowers had shot up in the wholesale market !On several occasions I got to know about the impending festivals, from her!
Though always wrested worse in the bargaining bouts I could never get myself to buy flowers from several other sellers clamouring for my attention nearby.
She continued relating her story. She had sent these children to school and two of them were now studying in nursing and engineering college! That she had to pay Rs 35,000 and Rs4o,000[ phew] respectively as fees this year ,plus provide them with clothing and books and also pay her house rent of Rs2000 per month as well as pay for her food purchased from outside as also for her daily dose of medicines, a boxful! A ll these expenses are met by selling a basket of flowers! Rain or shine ,each and every day of her life.I doubt whether she has stashed away any sum for herself for her old age.
Now I know why I never had the heart to switch her for another and am glad I didn't . I was in a way , contributing my mite to her mammoth service.
She requested a copy of the magazine so that her son may read about her . I promised to give her the magazine in my next trip to the temple.
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
Rank .
Though most visually impaired youngsters are of the opinion that people with orthopaedic disabilities are worse off than themselves , a middle aged blind woman who is a teacher, rubbished their views saying ,that they were not mature enough and were not aware of the realities of life.
According to her mentally retarded persons[mrp] are worse off and have the unenviable position of being first in the table of disability followed by the visually impaired . Ortho's and others come lower down in the scale ,that means ,others are better off !
She reiterated that whilst every other handicapped person can find some means or the other to support themselves , take decisions and lead an independent life the mrp's are condemned to a life time of dependency . It starts from the cradle and ends in the grave.
According to her mentally retarded persons[mrp] are worse off and have the unenviable position of being first in the table of disability followed by the visually impaired . Ortho's and others come lower down in the scale ,that means ,others are better off !
She reiterated that whilst every other handicapped person can find some means or the other to support themselves , take decisions and lead an independent life the mrp's are condemned to a life time of dependency . It starts from the cradle and ends in the grave.
Wednesday, May 5, 2010
Jurisdiction.
The territorial jurisdiction of courts of law are clearly enunciated in the constitution and in statutory laws.In the daily course of life ,I have come to know that an unwritten jurisdiction as sacrosanct as those of courts of justices exist and it is diligently followed and enforced with fervour and ardour that not only equals but at times also surpasses the written codes!
1.Flower sellers near temples.Their encroached space at the entry point is guarded ferociously and fie on those who dare set their foot in that holy strip.That prime space near the gateway enjoys hereditary rights and succession is usually matrilineal ,i.e.it passes from mothers to daughters!
2.Beggars near temples.That dusty and dirty bit of road is clearly marked as to who will lord over it . Transgression brings quick retribution .The other day I witnessed an argument between two grey haired beggars, over a piece of the cake [ road]. The woman lost her patience and threw water from a sachet on the rival claimants face . The dazed man gathered his wits soon enough, to pull out a bottle of water from his satchel [ which was well stocked in anticipation of the long day of work { begging } ahead ]and was about to pour it on her head when other beggars intervened, and held a panchayat on the spot itself to settle the jurisdictional matter! Abuses and curses rent the air drowning the mantras wafting out of the temple and the prayers of the devout.
3. Mobile press [iron] wallahas are the sole rulers of the street they have staked .They have the monopoly of collecting clothes and press them from the houses lining that street.They will stick to their street and will never venture into the next nor will they tolerate encroachment into their fiefdom from others.
4.Domestic workers .Servant maids corner households and if her services are terminated only a brave and bold woman can take her place . She must be thick skinned to weather the nonstop taunts and verbal abuses that would be hurled at her from the dismissed one!
5.Cable connection providers. They have never heard of monopoly trade practises restrictive laws.Their jurisdiction encompasses an entire locality.The consumers are totally at their mercy . They can never change their cable man .He is once and for all .
6.Mobile as well as stationery, vegetable , fruit , tender coconut vendors reign supreme in clearly demarcated boundaries ,and any overlapping is remedied postehaste.
Men like dhobhis, cable man etc stick to their territorial jurisdiction more religiously than women . Their area of operation is clear cut and will never overlap . It is simply not done . Could it be the fear of swift and violent retribution at the slightest transgression ?
1.Flower sellers near temples.Their encroached space at the entry point is guarded ferociously and fie on those who dare set their foot in that holy strip.That prime space near the gateway enjoys hereditary rights and succession is usually matrilineal ,i.e.it passes from mothers to daughters!
2.Beggars near temples.That dusty and dirty bit of road is clearly marked as to who will lord over it . Transgression brings quick retribution .The other day I witnessed an argument between two grey haired beggars, over a piece of the cake [ road]. The woman lost her patience and threw water from a sachet on the rival claimants face . The dazed man gathered his wits soon enough, to pull out a bottle of water from his satchel [ which was well stocked in anticipation of the long day of work { begging } ahead ]and was about to pour it on her head when other beggars intervened, and held a panchayat on the spot itself to settle the jurisdictional matter! Abuses and curses rent the air drowning the mantras wafting out of the temple and the prayers of the devout.
3. Mobile press [iron] wallahas are the sole rulers of the street they have staked .They have the monopoly of collecting clothes and press them from the houses lining that street.They will stick to their street and will never venture into the next nor will they tolerate encroachment into their fiefdom from others.
4.Domestic workers .Servant maids corner households and if her services are terminated only a brave and bold woman can take her place . She must be thick skinned to weather the nonstop taunts and verbal abuses that would be hurled at her from the dismissed one!
5.Cable connection providers. They have never heard of monopoly trade practises restrictive laws.Their jurisdiction encompasses an entire locality.The consumers are totally at their mercy . They can never change their cable man .He is once and for all .
6.Mobile as well as stationery, vegetable , fruit , tender coconut vendors reign supreme in clearly demarcated boundaries ,and any overlapping is remedied postehaste.
Men like dhobhis, cable man etc stick to their territorial jurisdiction more religiously than women . Their area of operation is clear cut and will never overlap . It is simply not done . Could it be the fear of swift and violent retribution at the slightest transgression ?
Friday, April 23, 2010
Jobs, I am envious of and would gladly perform....
That of a flower seller . Ah ,to breathe in the fragrance of flowers day in and day out, is what life is all about.
That of a gardener in parks.To sow seeds and see them grow and bloom . To water and tend them and spend each day in the careless laughter of bobbing flowers and twirling butter flies and whirl away all my cares.
That of a person working in coffee grinding shop .To chase away the lows by breathing in the constant high of the aroma of ground coffee.
That of a bird sanctuary keeper .To fill my days drinking in the exotic colours and still the constant chatter in me by drowning in the chatter of birds.
That of a light house keeper . To absorb the endless expanse of the ocean and broaden my view.
That of a boat house keeper. To drown my rancour and sweeten my sorrow by watching the river flow gently by.
That of a person manning telescopes in high altitudes .To twinkle away my nights in the company of millions of stars ,reminding me of the transiency of my problems and the spectacular insignificance of my existence.
That of the keeper of hill top telescopes .To spend my entire day gazing at greenery the requisite finery to drive away the chicanery of peoples and events.
That of a usherer in theatres and concerts.To have the very best of human creativity to entertain ,enthral and divert me .
That of a Kinder garden teacher.To spend each day in the presence of innocence and freshness of creation and shed the life time of accumulated experiences weighing my shoulders down.
That of a gardener in parks.To sow seeds and see them grow and bloom . To water and tend them and spend each day in the careless laughter of bobbing flowers and twirling butter flies and whirl away all my cares.
That of a person working in coffee grinding shop .To chase away the lows by breathing in the constant high of the aroma of ground coffee.
That of a bird sanctuary keeper .To fill my days drinking in the exotic colours and still the constant chatter in me by drowning in the chatter of birds.
That of a light house keeper . To absorb the endless expanse of the ocean and broaden my view.
That of a boat house keeper. To drown my rancour and sweeten my sorrow by watching the river flow gently by.
That of a person manning telescopes in high altitudes .To twinkle away my nights in the company of millions of stars ,reminding me of the transiency of my problems and the spectacular insignificance of my existence.
That of the keeper of hill top telescopes .To spend my entire day gazing at greenery the requisite finery to drive away the chicanery of peoples and events.
That of a usherer in theatres and concerts.To have the very best of human creativity to entertain ,enthral and divert me .
That of a Kinder garden teacher.To spend each day in the presence of innocence and freshness of creation and shed the life time of accumulated experiences weighing my shoulders down.
Thursday, April 22, 2010
To stand on one's own legs.
Whilst walking back home I saw a lean bearded young man nodding his head to the music he was hearing through his ear plugs . He was whistling to himself and at the same time grinding the hand pedal of his cycle, specially fashioned for people with orthopedic disabilities[ probably gifted by the govt or an actor ] steering it towards the waste paper shop situated at the corner of my street. He had attached a cart to this cycle and it was filled with plastic covers and all such rags and rubbish that could be sold.
His hair was neatly combed and his clothes were clean .He overtook me and greeted the shopkeeper cheerfully ,before commencing on the transactions.
I wondered at at his ability to pick all those rubbish and cart them.His legs were withered and were as thin as match sticks . What makes him tick? What is the source of his strength and resilience? The very fact that he is striving to stand on his own legs though in reality he has none, is inspiring as well as touching.
I often see a stout man with trunk like limbs ,with dirtily bandaged ankles , begging and badgering devotees for money in a nearby temple,pointing to his bandaged legs .I have also seen him lunge and chase a devotee who ignored his heckling and questioned the rationale behind his begging , when he looked as fit as fiddle.
He also acquired this contraption recently and it is business as usual the only difference is that he is now begging , seated on this cycle as regally as one seated on a throne!
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